Syllabus Of Bachelor of Science in Microbiology (B.Sc – Microbiology)
B.Sc. 1st Year
SEMESTER: I
Paper I: General Microbiology
Unit I
History of microbiology, scope and relevance of microbiology, classification of microbial world; bacteria, cyanobacteria, Achaea, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa.
Unit II
Principle, types and application of microscopes, LAF cabinet, autoclave, oven, colony counter,spectrophotometer, ph. meter, anaerobic chamber; Principle, basic apparatus and applications ofelectrophoresis, thermocyclar (PCR), centrifuge, blotting, Chromatography & its types.
Unit III
Isolation, cultivation and identification techniques for microorganisms, aerobic and anaerobiccultivation, biochemical methods for identification, culture media & its type, maintenance & preservation of pure cultures.
Unit IV
Study of Morphology of microbes by staining methods –staining, Simple (Leffer’spolychromemethylene blue& negative staining) Gram’s staining, Zielneelson staining, Flurochrome staining,Leishman’sstaining, Giemsa’s staining, special staining methods to demonstrate granules, capsules & spores.
Books-
There are lots of books which are helpful for beginners. Some of the books are –
➢ Microbiology- pelczar, chan and kreig
➢ General microbiology- stainer, Ingharam, Wheelis and Painter
➢ Biology of microorganisms-Brock and Madigan
➢ Introduction to microbiology- Ingraham and Ingraham
➢ General microbiology-Powar C.B and H.F Daginawala
➢ All these books give introduction to microbiology
Paper II: Bacteria, Virus& Protozoa
Unit I
Morphology and ultra-structure of bacteria; structure, properties and function of cell wall, cellmembranes, flagella, cilia, pili, gas vesicle, chromosomes, carboxysomes, magnetosomes and phycobilisomes, nucleoid.
Unit II
General virology; nomenclature and classification of viruses, Morphology and ultrastructure,capsids and their arrangements, types of envelopes and their compositions. Viral genome, their types and structures. Virus related organisms (viroid’s, virusoids and prions).
Unit III
Bacterial viruses: Bacteriophage structural organization, life cycle, one step growth curve,transcription, DNA replication, eclipsed phase, phage production, burst size, lysogenic size, bacteriophage typing, application in bacterial genetics.
Unit IV
Flagellate protozoa: the Mastigophora, amoeboid protozoa: the Rhizopoda, ciliate protozoa: theciliophora. Protozoal disease: malaria, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Toxoplasmosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia and disease caused by Leishmania, Trypanosomes.
Text book-
➢ H.C. Dube
➢ Surendra Kumar
➢ R.C. Dubey
➢ S.Chand
SEMESTER: II
Paper III: Algae, Fungi and Plant pathology
Unit I
Algae; General account of habitat, cell structure, pigments, flagellum, reserveFood. Conflicts of taxonomic position of Cyanobactera. Algal growth and Reproduction.
Unit II
Cultivation of algae in laboratory. Nitrogen fixation, Biological and economicAspects of algae, algal biotechnology. Fossil records of algae. Algal blooms and Eutrophication.
Unit III
Fungi: Habitat, fungal structure and thallus organization, wall structure, hyphalGrowth, sexual and asexual reproductive structures. Nutrition and reproduction in Fungi, Mycorrhiza, lichens, Heterothallism, sex hormones in fungi. Evolutionarytendencies in lower fungi. Economic importance. Fungal diseases.
Unit IV
Concept of plant disease; signs and symptoms associated with microbial plantPathogens. Microbial enzymes, toxins, growth regulators and suppressor of plant Defense in plant diseases, effects of pathogens on plant physiology, concept of passive and active resistance and mechanism in plants. Concepts of monocyclic& polycyclic disease, physical, chemical and biological control, integrated ecoFriendly approach of plant disease control.
Books-
➢ Singh
➢ Pandey
➢ Jain
SEMESTER: II
Paper IV: Microbial Physiology & Biochemistry
Unit I
Enzymes as biocatalyst, enzymes classification, properties. Enzymes kinetics: MichaelisMenton equation for simple enzymes, Effects of pH and temperatures,On enzymes action, enzyme inhibition. Electron carriers, artificial electron donors,Inhibitors uncouplers, energy bond and phosphorylation.
Unit II
Microbial metabolism: anabolism and catabolism, energy production in aerobic,anaerobic process and photosynthesis, chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis.Bacterial electron transport chain. Autotrophy, Heterotrophy, chemolithotrophy,fermentation. Transport of nutrients by active and passive transport.
Unit III
Respiratory metabolism – Glycolysis, EMP pathway, ED pathway, Glyoxallate Pathway, Kreb’s cycle-oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation. Reverse TCACycle – Gluconeogenesis, fermentation and carbohydrates – homo and Heterolacticfermentataions.
Unit IV
Assimilation of nitrogen – dinitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia assimilation,Synthesis of major amino acids, synthesis of Polysaccharides – peptidoglycan,Biopolymers as cell components.
Books-
➢ Anantnarayan, Book of microbiology
➢ Pelczar, microbiology
➢ Prescott, microbiology
SEMESTER: I
UNIT-I
Generalized structure of Pro- & Eukaryote cell. Elementary knowledge of thestructure & function of plasma membrane. Introduction to the organelles constitutingendo-membrane system (Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosome).
UNIT-II
Nucleus & nucleolus; Ribosome; Mitochondria. Introduction to cytoskeleton.Cell Division-Mitosis & Meiosis. Basic features of Cell cycle;Elementary idea of cell transformation and cancer.
UNIT-III
Mendel’s law; Exceptions to Mendel’s law. Incomplete dominance and Co-dominance, Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis.Sex-linked inheritance; Extra chromosomal inheritance.
UNIT-IV
Linkage & Crossing over. Sex determination.Chromosome structure; Euchromatin; Heterochromatin; Histones.Polytene & lampbhrush chromosomes, Eugenesis.
Text Books
[T1] Barnes: Invertebrate Zoology (4th ed.), Holt-Saunders
[T2] Kotpal, Agrawal & Khetrapal: Modern Text-book of Zoology, Invertebrates.11/E. Rastogi publication
Reference Book:
1. Alberts et al.: Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Pulb., New York, 1989.
2. Strickberger: Genetics, Prentice Hall, 1996.
3. DeRobertis & DeRobertis: Cell & Molecular Biology, 1996
4. Gupta P.K. : Cell And Molecular Biology, Rastogi Publications
5. Sarkar B : Cell Structure and Function, Medtech
6. Verma & Agarwal: Cell Biology, genetics, Molecular Biology. S.Chand & Company
SEMESTER: I
Paper I: Animal Diversity (Non-Chordata)
UNIT-I
Protozoa: General characters and classification up to classes; locomotion and nutrition inProtozoa.Porifera: General characters and classification up to classes; Canal system in sponges.
UNIT-II
Coelenterata: General characters and classification up to classes; Polymorphism in Coelenterates; Corals and coral reefs Helminthes: General characters of Nemathelminthes and Platyhelminthes; Life history ofAscaris lumbricoides and Taenia solium and their parasitic adaptations.
UNIT-III
Annelida: General characters and classification up to classes; Metamerism in Annelida;Trochphore larva and its significance.Arthropoda: General characters and classification up to classes; Zoological importance of Peripatus and Limulus. Metamorphosis in Insects.
UNIT-IV
Mollusca: General characters and classification up to classes; Torsion in Gastropoda; PearlformationEchinodermata: General characters and classification up to classes; Water vascular system in starfish; Echinoderm larvae and their significance.
TEXT BOOKS:
[T1] Barnes: Invertebrate Zoology (4th ed.), Holt-Saunders
[T2] Kotpal, Agrawal & Khetrapal: Modern Text-book of Zoology, Invertebrates.11/E. Rastogi publication.
REFERENCE BOOK:
1. Kotpal, Agrawal & Khetrapal: Modern Text-book of Zoology, Invertebrates.11/E. Rastogi publication.
2. Marshall & William: Text book of Zoology, Vol I (Parker & Haswell, 7th ed.) Macmillian,.
3. Nigam: Biology of Non-Chordates, Nagin Chand,.
4. B.Sc. Zoology Series -Animal Diversity, Tata McGraw Hill Edu Pvt. Ltd. N.Delhi
5. Jordan E.L. et al.: Invertebrate Zoology. S.Chand & Company Ltd.
6. Barnes: Invertebrate Zoology (4th ed.), Holt-Saunders.
7. Barrington: Invertebrate Structure and Function, Nelson.
8. Iyer: A Manual of Zoology, Part I. Visawanathan
SEMESTER: II
Paper 3: Chordata
UNIT- I
Protochordates: General features and Phylogeny of Protochordats. Body organizationof Balanoglossus, Herdmania and Amphioxus.
UNIT- II
Agnatha: General features of Agnatha and classification of cyclostomes up toClasses, Comparison between Lampreys and Hagfishes.Pisces: General features and Classification up to orders; Scales and fins of fishes, Hillstream adaptations
UNIT- III
Amphibia: General features and Classification up to orders; Parental care; NeotenyReptiles: General features and Classification up to orders; Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes; Biting mechanism in snakes; Venum and antivenum.
UNIT- IV
Aves: General features and Classification up to orders; Feathers in Birds; Adaptations foraerial mode of life;Mammalia: Origin of mammals; General organization, distribution and affinities ofPrototheria, Metatheria and Eutheria; Aerial and aquatic adaptations in mammals.
Text Books:
1. R.L. Kotpal: Modern Text-book of Zoology, Vertebrates. Rastogi Publication.
2. E.L. Jordan and P.S. Verma: Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
Reference books:
1. Pandey B.N. and Mathur V. Biology of Chordates, PHI Learning, 2018
2. R.L. Kotpal: Modern Text-book of Zoology, Vertebrates. Rastogi Publication.
3. E.L. Jordan and P.S. Verma: Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
4. Hildebrand: Analysis of Vertebrate structure.
5. Romer & Parsons: The Vertebrate Body, Saunders.
SEMESTER: II
Paper 4: Taxonomy and Evolution
UNIT-I
Taxonomy: Definition & scope; relationship with SystematicZoological nomenclature: Binominal & Trinominal; ICZN.Components of classification: Linnaean hierarchy.Concepts of species: Typological, Nomenalistic & Biological
UNIT-II
Geological distribution of animals, period of evolution and extinction of major groups. DirectEvidences of Evolution: Type of Fossils & fossilization. Dating of fossils. Significance of fossilrecord. Evolution of Horse.
UNIT- III
Evolutionary theories: Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism; Processes of Evolutionary Change: Organic variations; Isolating Mechanisms; Natural selection(Example: Industrial melanism); Types of natural selection (Directional, Stabilizing,Disruptive), Artificial selection
UNIT-IV
Species Concept: Biological species concept (Advantages and Limitations);Modes of speciation (Allopatric, Sympatric), Macro-evolutionary principles (example: Darwin’s Finches), Role of extinction in evolution.
Text Books:
1.Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, Reprint Edn. 2006 Edition by P.S. Verma
2. Ashok Verma – Animal Taxonomy
Reference books:
- Ashok Verma – Animal Taxonomy
- Ernst Mayr- Principals of Systematic
- Simpson- Principals and Practices of Animal Taxonomy
- Kapoor- Theory and Practices of Animal Taxonomy, Oxford & Ibh
- Strickberger: Evolution, CBS Publ. 1994.
- Douglas, J. Futuyma. Evolutionary Biology Sinauer Associate (1997)
- Jain P.C. : Paleontology, Vishal Publ. Co.
- Arora M.P.: Organic Evolution, Himalaya Publ
SEMESTER: I
Paper -I Microbiology
Unit-1
- History and scope of Microbiology.
- A brief idea of microbial diversity and distribution, position of microorganism in theliving world.
- Classification of microorganism
Unit-2
- Elementary principles and methods of isolation, purification and culture of microorganism(bacteria and fungi)
- Role of microorganism in biogeochemical cycle in nature.
- Bacteria: structure, reproduction, nutrition, plasmid and economic importance.
Unit-3
- Virus: general characteristics, structure, replication, transmission
- A brief idea of bacteriophages, cyanophages
Unit-4
- Viroids and prions
- Mycoplasma: a general account.
Book –
- R C Dubey and Maheswari, A Textbook of Microbiology, S. Chand (publication) Pelczar. Book of Microbiology
- Text book of Fungi- Vashistha, S.Chand publication
- P D Sharma , Rastogi Publication
SEMESTER: I
Paper -II Fungi, Microbiology and Elementary Plant Pathology
UNIT-I
Brief history and salient features of fungi. Outlines of classification of Alexopolous and salientfeatures of the important group. Habit and habitat, structure and methods of reproduction of fungi based on the following representatives. Stemonitis, Synchytrium, Saprolegnia, Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Eurotium, Sacharomyces, Morchella, Puccinia, Agaricus, Alternaria.
UNIT-II
Distribution and classification of the microorganisms. Elementary principles of isolation and purification of the microorganisms. Identification and differentiation of bacteria on the basis of morphology and stains (Negative staining, Gram’s stain, acid fast). Decomposition of the organic matter in soil and the role of the microorganisms in carbon and nitrogen cycle in nature.
UNIT-III
Fine structure of bacteria, their classification, nutrit ion and reproduction. Economic importanceof bacteria. Viruses: Nature, structure, transmission, multiplication and economic importance Bacteriophages-a brief idea. Mycoplasma: a general account.
UNIT-IV
Lichens: Occurrence, physiology (symbiotic relationship) and general structure. Nutrition andreproduction in lichens with special refrence to Parmella. Economic importance of Lichens.
UNIT-V
General symptoms of plant diseases. General principles of infection and resistance. Generalmethods of chemical and biological control of the plant diseases. The symptoms, morphology ofthe causal organism, disease cycle and control measures of the following disease: White rust ofcrucifers, Late blight of potato, Loose smut of wheat, Black rust of wheat, and wart disease of potato, Red rot of sugarcane.
TEXT BOOKS:
[T1] B.R. Vashishta, Text book of Fungi.
[T2] Singh, Pande and Jain, A text book of Botany
REFERENCE BOOKS:
[R1] H.C Gangulee and A.K. Kar, College Botany Vol II
SEMESTER: II
Paper -I Algae and Bryophytes
Unit-1
- General Characteristics of Algae.
- Classification of Algae, basic outline of Fritsch’s classification
- Organization of thallus, pigmentation and mode of reproduction in algae
Unit-2
- Occurrence, structure of thallus and mode of reproduction in the following genera:Chlamynomodas, Cladophora, Vaucheria and Chara
- General account of the Bacillariophyceae.
Unit-3
- Occurrence, structure and mode of reproduction in polysiphonia.
- Cyanobacteria- a general account and Nitrogen fixation by Cyanobacteria
- Economic importance of algae as food and fodder, in agriculture, industry and in public health.
Unit-4
- Outline and basic principles of classification of the bryophytes
- Comparative account of the gross morphology, vegetative and sexual reproduction,structure and evolution of the sporophytes of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funeria.
- Origin, habitat, distribution and economic importance of bryophytes.
Books-
- Botany algae and Bryophytes-Khan, M, 1983. Fundamental of Phycology, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
- Parihar, N.S. 1976. The Biology and Morphology of Bryophtes, Central Book Depot. Allahbad.
- Puri,P 1980. Bryophytes , Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.
- Sharma, O.P. 1989. Text book of Bryophyta, Pragati Prakashan, Merrut.
SEMESTER: II
Paper -II Pteridophyta, elementary gymnosperm and Paleobotany
Unit-1
- General characteristics of the Pteridophytes and classification as proposed by sporn
- A comparative study of Rhynia, Segalina, Equisetum & Marsilea on the basis offollowing features: morphology and anatomy of the vegetative plant body and spore producing organ.
Unit-2
- A brief account of telome theory, Stelar system and its evolution.
- Hetrospory and seed habitate in Pteridophytes.
Unit-3
- Outline of classification as proposed by D.D Pant and distingh-uishing features ofGymnosperm in India.
- Comparative account of the structure,life history and evolutionary trends and economicimportance based on cycas, Pinus and Ephedra.
Unit-4
- Process of fossilization.
- Types of Fossils.
- Living nad pseudofossils.
Books-
- Khan.M 1983. Fundamental of phycology
- Puri
- Parihar, N.S 1976
- Pandey, S.N textbook of pteridophyta.