B.Sc – Microbiology Semester II-

Paper III: Algae, Fungi and Plant pathology

Unit I

Algae; General account of habitat, cell structure, pigments, flagellum, reserveFood. Conflicts of taxonomic position of Cyanobactera. Algal growth and Reproduction.

Unit II

Cultivation of algae in laboratory. Nitrogen fixation, Biological and economicAspects of algae, algal biotechnology. Fossil records of algae. Algal blooms and Eutrophication.

Unit III

Fungi: Habitat, fungal structure and thallus organization, wall structure, hyphalGrowth, sexual and asexual reproductive structures. Nutrition and reproduction in Fungi, Mycorrhiza, lichens, Heterothallism, sex hormones in fungi. Evolutionarytendencies in lower fungi. Economic importance. Fungal diseases.

Unit IV

Concept of plant disease; signs and symptoms associated with microbial plantPathogens. Microbial enzymes, toxins, growth regulators and suppressor of plant Defense in plant diseases, effects of pathogens on plant physiology, concept of passive and active resistance and mechanism in plants. Concepts of monocyclic& polycyclic disease, physical, chemical and biological control, integrated ecoFriendly approach of plant disease control.

Books-

  1. Singh
  2. Pandey
  3. Jain

Paper IV: Microbial Physiology & Biochemistry

Unit I

Enzymes as biocatalyst, enzymes classification, properties. Enzymes kinetics: MichaelisMenton equation for simple enzymes, Effects of pH and temperatures,On enzymes action, enzyme inhibition. Electron carriers, artificial electron donors,Inhibitors uncouplers, energy bond and phosphorylation.

Unit II

Microbial metabolism: anabolism and catabolism, energy production in aerobic,anaerobic process and photosynthesis, chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis.Bacterial electron transport chain. Autotrophy, Heterotrophy, chemolithotrophy,fermentation. Transport of nutrients by active and passive transport.

Unit III

Respiratory metabolism – Glycolysis, EMP pathway, ED pathway, Glyoxallate Pathway, Kreb’s cycle-oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation. Reverse TCACycle – Gluconeogenesis, fermentation and carbohydrates – homo and Heterolacticfermentataions.

Unit IV

Assimilation of nitrogen – dinitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia assimilation,Synthesis of major amino acids, synthesis of Polysaccharides – peptidoglycan,Biopolymers as cell components.

Books-

  1. Anantnarayan, Book of microbiology
  2. Pelczar, microbiology
  3. Prescott, microbiology

Paper 3: Chordata

UNIT- I

Protochordates: General features and Phylogeny of Protochordats. Body organizationof Balanoglossus, Herdmania and Amphioxus.

UNIT- II

Agnatha: General features of Agnatha and classification of cyclostomes up toClasses, Comparison between Lampreys and Hagfishes.Pisces: General features and Classification up to orders; Scales and fins of fishes, Hillstream adaptations

UNIT- III

Amphibia: General features and Classification up to orders; Parental care; NeotenyReptiles: General features and Classification up to orders; Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes; Biting mechanism in snakes; Venum and antivenum.

UNIT- IV

Aves: General features and Classification up to orders; Feathers in Birds; Adaptations foraerial mode of life;Mammalia: Origin of mammals; General organization, distribution and affinities ofPrototheria, Metatheria and Eutheria; Aerial and aquatic adaptations in mammals.

Text Books:

  1. R.L. Kotpal: Modern Text-book of Zoology, Vertebrates. Rastogi Publication.
  2. E.L. Jordan and P.S. Verma: Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd.

Reference books:

  1. Pandey B.N. and Mathur V. Biology of Chordates, PHI Learning, 2018
  2. R.L. Kotpal: Modern Text-book of Zoology, Vertebrates. Rastogi Publication.
  3. E.L. Jordan and P.S. Verma: Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
  4. Hildebrand: Analysis of Vertebrate structure.
  5. Romer & Parsons: The Vertebrate Body, Saunders.

Paper 4: Taxonomy and Evolution

UNIT-I

Taxonomy: Definition & scope; relationship with SystematicZoological nomenclature: Binominal & Trinominal; ICZN.Components of classification: Linnaean hierarchy.Concepts of species: Typological, Nomenalistic & Biological

UNIT-II

Geological distribution of animals, period of evolution and extinction of major groups. DirectEvidences of Evolution: Type of Fossils & fossilization. Dating of fossils. Significance of fossilrecord. Evolution of Horse.

UNIT- III

Evolutionary theories: Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism; Processes of Evolutionary Change: Organic variations; Isolating Mechanisms; Natural selection(Example: Industrial melanism); Types of natural selection (Directional, Stabilizing,Disruptive), Artificial selection

UNIT-IV

Species Concept: Biological species concept (Advantages and Limitations);Modes of speciation (Allopatric, Sympatric), Macro-evolutionary principles (example: Darwin’s Finches), Role of extinction in evolution.

Text Books:

  1. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, Reprint Edn. 2006 Edition by P.S. Verma 
  2. Ashok Verma – Animal Taxonomy

Reference books:

  1. Ashok Verma – Animal Taxonomy
  2. Ernst Mayr- Principals of Systematic
  3. Simpson- Principals and Practices of Animal Taxonomy
  4. Kapoor- Theory and Practices of Animal Taxonomy, Oxford & Ibh
  5. Strickberger: Evolution, CBS Publ. 1994.
  6. Douglas, J. Futuyma. Evolutionary Biology Sinauer Associate (1997)
  7. Jain P.C. : Paleontology, Vishal Publ. Co.
  8. Arora M.P.: Organic Evolution, Himalaya Publ

Paper -I Algae and Bryophytes

Unit-1

  1. General Characteristics of Algae.
  2. Classification of Algae, basic outline of Fritsch’s classification
  3. Organization of thallus, pigmentation and mode of reproduction in algae

Unit-2

  1. Occurrence, structure of thallus and mode of reproduction in the following genera:Chlamynomodas, Cladophora, Vaucheria and Chara
  2. General account of the Bacillariophyceae.

Unit-3

  1. Occurrence, structure and mode of reproduction in polysiphonia.
  2. Cyanobacteria- a general account and Nitrogen fixation by Cyanobacteria
  3. Economic importance of algae as food and fodder, in agriculture, industry and in public health.

Unit-4

  1. Outline and basic principles of classification of the bryophytes
  2. Comparative account of the gross morphology, vegetative and sexual reproduction,structure and evolution of the sporophytes of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funeria.
  3. Origin, habitat, distribution and economic importance of bryophytes.

Books-

  1. Botany algae and Bryophytes-Khan, M, 1983. Fundamental of Phycology, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
  2. Parihar, N.S. 1976. The Biology and Morphology of Bryophtes, Central Book Depot. Allahbad.
  3. Puri,P 1980. Bryophytes , Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.
  4. Sharma, O.P. 1989. Text book of Bryophyta, Pragati Prakashan, Merrut.

Paper -II Pteridophyta, elementary gymnosperm and Paleobotany

Unit-1

  1. General characteristics of the Pteridophytes and classification as proposed by sporn
  2. A comparative study of Rhynia, Segalina, Equisetum & Marsilea on the basis offollowing features: morphology and anatomy of the vegetative plant body and spore producing organ.

Unit-2

  1. A brief account of telome theory, Stelar system and its evolution.
  2. Hetrospory and seed habitate in Pteridophytes.

Unit-3

  1. Outline of classification as proposed by D.D Pant and distingh-uishing features ofGymnosperm in India.
  2. Comparative account of the structure,life history and evolutionary trends and economicimportance based on cycas, Pinus and Ephedra.

Unit-4

  1. Process of fossilization.
  2. Types of Fossils.
  3. Living nad pseudofossils.

Books-

  1. Khan.M 1983. Fundamental of phycology
  2. Parihar, N.S 1976
  3. Pandey, S.N textbook of pteridophyta.